Can intuitive building design help stop an active shooter?

Burçin Becerik-Gerber had just returned to her London hotel room when she got the voicemails from her sons’ L.A. elementary school. The first message announced an emergency lockdown; there was a threat in the school.

As she listened to the series of voicemails, Becerik-Gerber felt like hours had passed. So far away from her sons, she felt helpless. The last message shared that the incident was resolved and parents could pick up their children, but she still struggled to find relief.

When Becerik-Gerber returned home, she wondered what she could do to change things. How could the USC Viterbi School of Engineering professor use her expertise — in intelligent buildings responsive to human beings — to help make students like her sons safer?

“Just because you cannot do everything,” she said, “doesn’t mean you should do nothing.”

In an effort to help mitigate the growing epidemic of mass shootings, she began thinking not from the perspective of guns but from the perspective of buildings. “I know buildings very well and how they are designed and operated. From what I know, how can I help?” she asked herself.

Becerik-Gerber partnered with Gale Lucas, her fellow founder of USC Viterbi’s Center for Intelligent Environments, and Erroll Southers, a professor of practice in national and homeland security at the USC Price School of Public Policy. Together, they answered several questions, including the main one: If building security mostly focuses on keeping bad actors out, what do you do if a bad actor gets in?

Using virtual reality to design against active shooters

“School shooters, in my opinion, are not opportunists,” said Southers, director of USC’s Safe Communities Institute as well as a former deputy director in the California Office of Homeland Security and FBI special agent. “They don’t walk down the street and say, ‘I think I’ll hit this location.’”

According to Southers, the person who comes to do harm is often someone who knows how to access the building in question. The team of researchers decided that it was important to look at how building occupants could be safer inside the spaces they most often occupy.

“When I came to the project, it was with the question: Can we design a space that inherently makes a person safer, with almost no training at all? In other words, intuitive,” he said.

I think this project is a great case study for how virtual reality can enable researchers to study things in an ethical way that we wouldn’t be able to explore or simulate otherwise.

Gale Lucas

Lucas, a research assistant professor in USC Viterbi’s Department of Computer Science and the USC Institute for Creative Technologies, came to the project not just with the hope of working towards safer buildings and communities but also to understand how virtual reality could be used as a tool to complete research that would otherwise be costly, complicated and emotionally distressing.

“In social science research, we have to be careful to study things that are important to understand in the world, but do so in a way that we’re taking the best care of our participants,” she said. “I think this project is a great case study for how virtual reality can enable researchers to study in an ethical way that we wouldn’t be able to explore or simulate otherwise.”

The team of researchers put together a proposal — which was funded by the National Science Foundation in August 2018 — to design a virtual environment that they could use to study the influence of building design and operations on occupant behavior and safety by modeling different design options and simulating active shooter incidents.

Testing virtual schools and offices for safety

One of the biggest challenges for this project was determining which types of buildings to use. An FBI study examining active shooter incidents between 2000 and 2013 found that 70% of these events occurred in schools or businesses. Beginning with these two locations, the team grappled with questions of design. Feature by feature, they focused the preliminary designs on creating a school and an office that were representative of an average school or office in America.

The team is working with Runhe Zhu — a doctoral student at USC Viterbi, supervised by Becerik-Gerber, who is double majoring in civil engineering and computer science — to create four virtual environments. The two “regular” layouts and two “enhanced” versions are designed to test security recommendations by federal agencies that were validated by focus groups, including security designers, building engineers, law enforcement and security personnel. Those recommendations included different levels of access, frosted glass, different levels of line of sight, inclusion or elimination of hiding spaces, different numbers and locations of exits, and staggered doorways, to name a few.

Can the building lock up the shooter in a portion of the building or eliminate airflow to a section of the space in the case of a chemical or biological attack?

Burçin Becerik-Gerber

The office and school designs were modeled to be the same in terms of shape and general layout, with key differences resulting from the purpose of the spaces: The office buildings had cubicles and open areas, while the student spaces had more classrooms. Keeping the building layout the same was important, Becerik-Gerber said, in ensuring that the responses of study participants could be correlated to differences in the social contexts of the building and not differences in their layouts.

Becerik-Gerber believes this model could also work for other emergency scenarios like fires.

“This is where dynamism will come into play,“ she said. “How can a building adapt itself to these events? Can it lock up the shooter in a portion of the building or eliminate airflow to a section of the space in the case of a chemical or biological attack?”

At the same time, the researchers hope to study how familiarity with a building can change how individuals respond in an active shooter situation. To this end, participants will be put through both environments in random order.

“The main recommendation is hide, run, fight. How much do these decisions change through the design of the building, and how does familiarity with the building design influence individual decision-making?” Becerik-Gerber said.

New, safer building designs could slow or even stop active shooters

Southers suggests that this familiarity will likely increase an individual’s ability to respond to active shooter incidents — and other emergency situations like earthquakes and fires.

“Whatever you have practiced or run through in your head is what you will default to in the event of an emergency,” he said. At the same time, he hopes that the virtual environment will also help identify designs that are so intuitive, even individuals new to the space can take advantage of them to keep them safe.

In the coming months, the researchers will bring in over 200 real-world teachers and office workers to go through the virtual reality environment. Using treadmills, these individuals will move through the school and office spaces with the goal of getting away from the active shooter. The team aims to have a preliminary set of data and analysis to share in the spring of 2020.

Virtual reality environments are currently being used by law enforcement and security officials for training purposes. There were 317 mass shootings recorded in 2018 in the U.S., according to the Gun Violence Archive. Environments such as those created by Becerik-Gerber, Lucas and Southers could be important in combating deaths resulting from such violence, as well as potentially preventing incidents in the first place.

Southers hopes that this type of research can pave the way for new standards on buildings: “In a perfect world, we could create and certify safety standards based on data collected from these types of modules. Using VR to test design features before implementing them is more effective in terms of cost and protection.”

A version of this story originally appeared on the USC Viterbi website.

This project is funded by the National Science Foundation Award #1826443: Impact of Building Design Attributes on Occupant Behavior in Response to Active Shooter Incidents in Offices and Schools. The proposal was submitted by Burçin Becerik-Gerber, David Pynadath, Erroll Southers and Gale Lucas.