When the retail price of a drug is less than the amount of a patient’s copay, the surplus is usually absorbed by pharmacy benefit managers, according to a recent USC study. (Photo/iStock)
Who wins when a prescription copay exceeds the drug price? Not the patient
USC study sheds lights on a practice that occurs more often than we think
Prescription drug copayments often exceed the retail cost of a drug, a recent USC study reveals. This means that technically an overpayment occurs, and someone — not the patient — keeps the excess payment.
Researchers at the USC Schaeffer Center for Health Policy & Economics who recently analyzed claims found that the copay exceeds the cost to the insurer in 1 in every 4 claims. The average overpayment is about $7.69. However, almost 1 in 5 overpayments exceeded $10. Sixty percent were worth $5.
“Our study sheds light on what many had assumed to be an uncommon practice and finds that overpayments may occur much more frequently than we realized,” said lead author Karen Van Nuys, a research assistant professor at the USC Price School of Public Policy and executive director of the Schaeffer Center’s life sciences innovation project. “These findings have implications for patients’ out-of-pocket spending as well as national drug spending trends.”
The interactive graphic below is based on the researchers’ study that appeared in the Journal of the American Medical Association in March. The graphic shows how frequently the copayment exceeds the price of commonly prescribed drugs and provides the average overpayment per drug.
Drugs with frequent overpayments include antibiotics, statins, anti-hypertensives, sleep aids, anti-inflammatories, and cough and cold medications. Almost 23 percent of the claims — 2.2 million — involved overpayments. Not surprisingly, they occurred more frequently on generic drugs than on branded, 28 percent versus nearly 6 percent.
“Not only does this raise drug costs for consumers, but it is inherently unfair to penalize people for having — and paying for — insurance,” said Geoffrey Joyce, a co-author on the study and director of health policy at the Schaeffer Center. “And furthermore, for patients who are financially constrained, $5 or $10 could mean the difference between being filling a prescription or not.”
Most consumers — whether insured through their employer, the individual market or government programs — have set copays for prescription drugs, an out-of-pocket expense they pay at the pharmacy counter. The copay framework is intended for the patient and insurer to share the cost.
Pharmacies pass the copays to pharmaceutical benefits managers, who reimburse the pharmacies a negotiated rate to cover drug costs, as well as any dispensing fees and markups.
Van Nuys and Joyce led the analysis to determine how much of a problem overpayment is. They compared how much pharmacies received in reimbursement from the insurer or benefit manager, based on national data collected by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, to what the patient paid as copayment as recorded in pharmacy claims provided by Optum Clinformatics.
Additional co-authors of the study included Dana Goldman, holder of the Leonard D. Schaeffer Director’s Chair and distinguished professor at USC, and Rocio Ribero, USC Schaeffer Center project specialist. The study was supported by the USC Schaeffer Center for Health Policy & Economics and by the National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number PO1AG033559.
